The traditional legend states that Kottarakkara Thampuran (also known as Vira Kerala Varma) requested the services of a Krishnanattam troupe, but his request was denied. Krishnanattam is dance-drama art form about the life and activities of Hindu god Krishna, that developed under the sponsorship of Sri Manavedan Raja, the ruler of Calicut (1585-1658 AD). Krishnanattam is the likely immediate precursor of Kathakali, states Zarrilli. The designs of these theatres usually matched the dimensions and architecture recommended as "ideal" in the ancient Natya Shastra, and some of them could house 500 viewers.
Kutiyattam, traditionally, was performed in theatres specially designed and attached to Hindu temples, particularly dedicated to the Shiva and later to Krishna. Kutiyattam, adds Richmond, is "one of the oldest continuously performed theatre forms in India, and it may well be the oldest surviving art form of the ancient world". Links to older performance arts: Kutiyattam and Krishnanattam FACT Jayadeva VarmaĪccording to Farley Richmond and other scholars, Kathakali shares many elements such as costumes with ancient Indian performance arts such as Kutiyattam (classical Sanskrit drama) and medieval era Krishnanattam, even though a detailed examination shows differences. The roots of Kathakali, states Mahinder Singh, are more ancient and some 1500 years old. Kathakali emerged as a distinct genre of performance art during the 16th and 17th centuries in Kerala.
Jones and Ryan state it is more than 500 years old. Dance and performance arts, states this ancient Hindu text, are a form of expression of spiritual ideas, virtues and the essence of scriptures. The text, states Natalia Lidova, describes the theory of Tāṇḍava dance ( Shiva), the theory of rasa, of bhāva, expression, gestures, acting techniques, basic steps, standing postures–all of which are part of Indian classical dances including Kathakali. The most studied version of the Natya Shastra text consists of about 6000 verses structured into 36 chapters. The Natya Shastra is attributed to sage Bharata, and its first complete compilation is dated to between 200 BC and 200 AD, but estimates vary between 500 BC and 500 AD. History Įlements and aspects of Kathakali are taken from ancient Sanskrit texts such as the Natya Shastra. The dance symbolises the eternal fight between good and evil. The term Kathakali is derived from katha ( Malayalam: കഥ, from Sanskrit) which means "story or a conversation, or a traditional tale", and kaḷi ( Malayalam: കളി) which means "performance" or "play". In modern compositions, Indian Kathakali troupes have included women artistes, and adapted Western stories and plays such as those by Shakespeare. The vocal performance has traditionally been performed in Sanskritised Malayalam. The traditional themes of the Kathakali are folk stories, religious legends and spiritual ideas from the Hindu epics and the Puranas.
Kathakali also differs in that the structure and details of its art form developed in the courts and theatres of Hindu principalities, unlike other classical Indian dances which primarily developed in Hindu temples and monastic schools. However, Kathakali differs in that it also incorporates movements from ancient Indian martial arts and athletic traditions of South India. A Kathakali performance, like all classical dance arts of India, synthesizes music, vocal performers, choreography and hand and facial gestures together to express ideas. The fully developed style of Kathakali originated around the 17th century, but its roots are in the temple and folk arts (such as Krishnanattam and religious drama of the kingdom of the Zamorin of Calicut) of the southwestern Indian peninsula, which are traceable to at least the 1st millennium CE. Kathakali is one of the eight classical dances of India Hanuman in Kathakali (FACT Jayadeva Varma) It is native to the Malayalam-speaking southwestern region of Kerala and is almost entirely practiced and appreciated by Malayali people.
It is a "story game" genre of art, but one distinguished by the elaborately colourful make-up and costumes of the traditional male actor-dancers. Kathakali ( IAST: Kathakaḷi Malayalam: കഥകളി pronunciation ⓘ) is a major form of classical Indian dance. Shree Krishnan in Kathakali - FACT Jayadeva Varma
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